Olynthus

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Olynthus (Ancient Greek: Ὄλυνθος Olynthos) is an ancient city in present-day Chalcidice, Greece. It was built mostly on two flat-topped hills 30–40m in height, in a fertile plain at the head of the Gulf of Torone, near the neck of the peninsula of Pallene, about 2.5 kilometers from the sea, and about 60 stadia (c. 9–10 kilometers) from Poteidaea. Olynthus served as head of the Chalcidian League from its inception just before the Peloponnesian War to the time the city was destroyed in the Social War. The city flourished between 432 BCE and its destruction by Philip II of Macedon in 348 BCE. It was finally abandoned in 316 BCE. Excavations were conducted across four seasons, spanning from 1928 to 1938. Artefacts found during the excavations of the site are exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Olynthos.In the modern day the city is famous for its well preserved household and urban architecture. pg.viii The city was named for Olynthus, the son of Heracles or of Strymon, the mythological founder of the town.

The Neolithic settlement was founded in the 4th millennium BCE and thrived from 3000 to 2900 BCE. pg.96 There are no written records from this period but much can be surmised from the archaeological evidence found at the site. The people living in Olynthus at the time were an agricultural society who farmed crops and had domestic animals. They produced pottery, tools made of stone and bone, and stone jewelry. The settlement was invaded and no evidence of resettlement thereafter has been found. pg.96

After its abandonment in the Neolithic era, Olynthus was resettled in the 7th century BC. Subsequently, the town was captured by the Bottiaeans, a Thracian tribe ejected from Macedon by Alexander I.

The Persian army spent the winter of 479 BCE in Thessaly and Macedonia following the Persian defeat at Salamis and Xerxes' retreat to the Hellespont with his general Artabazus. pg.139 The Persian authority in the Balkans had lessened, encouraging the inhabitants of the Pallene peninsula to break away. Suspecting that a revolt against the Great King was brewing, Artabazus captured Olynthus, whom he thought to be disloyal, and killed a large number of the Bottiaeans living there. pg.34 pg.139 The city was then given to Critobolos of Toroni by Artabazus and fresh population consisting of Greeks from the neighboring region of Chalcidice, who had been exiled by the Macedonians moved in. pg.34

Olynthus appears as a Greek polis in the quota-lists of the Delian League. It appears smaller than other Chalcidian cities at the time as it was responsible for paying only 2 talents in 438 BCE, compared to the nearby city of Scione, who contributed 15 talents in the same year.

In 432 BCE King Perdiccas II of Macedon encouraged several nearby coastal towns (including, but likely not limited to, Mecyberna, Singus, and Gale pg.36 ) to disband and move their populations to Olynthus, in preparation for a revolt led by Potidaea against Athens. pg.147 This synoecism (συνοικισμός) was effected, though against Perdiccas' wishes the contributing cities were not completely abandoned. pg.36 The synoecism led to a major increase in population leading to the settlement of the North Hill. pg.38

In 432 BCE Olynthus became the head of a formal Chalcidian League, occasioned by the synoecism or by the beginning of the Peloponnesian War and fear of Athenian attack. During the Peloponnesian war it formed a base for Brasidas in his expedition of 424 BCE and refuge for the citizens of Mende and Poteidaea that had rebelled against the Athenians (Thu. ii, 70). After the end of the Peloponnesian War the development of the league was rapid and ended consisting of 32 cities. In about 393 BCE Olynthus concluded an important treaty with Amyntas III of Macedon, and by 382 BCE it had absorbed most of the Greek cities west of the Strymon, and had even got possession of Pella, the chief city in Macedon. (Xenophon, Hell. V. 2, 12).

To the end of the 380s the relationship between Macedonia and Olynthus soured. Amyntas III wished for the Olynthians to return the land he had given them and the Olynthians did not comply. Amyntas declared war and called on his ally Sparta for help. Sparta was induced by an embassy from Acanthus and Apollonia, which anticipated conquest by the league, to send an expedition against Olynthus, which they did in 382 BCE. After three years of indecisive warfare Olynthus consented to dissolve the confederacy in 379. pgs.159-160 It is clear, however, that the dissolution was little more than formal, as the Chalcidians ("Χαλκιδῆς ἀπò Θρᾴκης") appear, only a year or two later, among the members of the Athenian naval confederacy of 378–377 BCE.

When the Social War broke out between Athens and its allies in 357 BCE, Olynthus was originally in an alliance with Philip. Subsequently, in alarm at the growth of his power, it concluded an alliance with Athens. Olynthus made three embassies to Athens, the occasions of Demosthenes's three Olynthiac Orations. On the third, the Athenians sent soldiers from among its citizens. After Philip had deprived Olynthus of the rest of the League, by force and by the treachery of sympathetic factions, he besieged Olynthus in 348 BCE. The siege was short; he bought Olynthus's two principal citizens, Euthycrates and Lasthenes, who betrayed the city to him. He then looted and razed the city and sold its population—including the Athenian garrison—into slavery. Only a small area of the North Hill was ever re-occupied, up to 316 BCE, before Cassander forced the population to move in his new city of Cassandreia. pgs.49-52

Despite the abandonment of the city, there are records of men in later centuries scattered through the Hellenistic world who were called Olynthians. pg.52

The Neolithic settlement was founded in the 4th millennium BCE and thrived from 3000 to 2900 BCE. pg.96 There are no written records from this period but much can be surmised from the archaeological evidence found at the site. The people living in Olynthus at the time were an agricultural society who farmed crops and had domestic animals. They produced pottery, tools made of stone and bone, and stone jewelry. The settlement was invaded and no evidence of resettlement thereafter has been found. pg.96

After its abandonment in the Neolithic era, Olynthus was resettled in the 7th century BC. Subsequently, the town was captured by the Bottiaeans, a Thracian tribe ejected from Macedon by Alexander I.

The Persian army spent the winter of 479 BCE in Thessaly and Macedonia following the Persian defeat at Salamis and Xerxes' retreat to the Hellespont with his general Artabazus. pg.139 The Persian authority in the Balkans had lessened, encouraging the inhabitants of the Pallene peninsula to break away. Suspecting that a revolt against the Great King was brewing, Artabazus captured Olynthus, whom he thought to be disloyal, and killed a large number of the Bottiaeans living there. pg.34 pg.139 The city was then given to Critobolos of Toroni by Artabazus and fresh population consisting of Greeks from the neighboring region of Chalcidice, who had been exiled by the Macedonians moved in. pg.34

Olynthus appears as a Greek polis in the quota-lists of the Delian League. It appears smaller than other Chalcidian cities at the time as it was responsible for paying only 2 talents in 438 BCE, compared to the nearby city of Scione, who contributed 15 talents in the same year.

In 432 BCE King Perdiccas II of Macedon encouraged several nearby coastal towns (including, but likely not limited to, Mecyberna, Singus, and Gale pg.36 ) to disband and move their populations to Olynthus, in preparation for a revolt led by Potidaea against Athens. pg.147 This synoecism (συνοικισμός) was effected, though against Perdiccas' wishes the contributing cities were not completely abandoned. pg.36 The synoecism led to a major increase in population leading to the settlement of the North Hill. pg.38

In 432 BCE Olynthus became the head of a formal Chalcidian League, occasioned by the synoecism or by the beginning of the Peloponnesian War and fear of Athenian attack. During the Peloponnesian war it formed a base for Brasidas in his expedition of 424 BCE and refuge for the citizens of Mende and Poteidaea that had rebelled against the Athenians (Thu. ii, 70). After the end of the Peloponnesian War the development of the league was rapid and ended consisting of 32 cities. In about 393 BCE Olynthus concluded an important treaty with Amyntas III of Macedon, and by 382 BCE it had absorbed most of the Greek cities west of the Strymon, and had even got possession of Pella, the chief city in Macedon. (Xenophon, Hell. V. 2, 12).

To the end of the 380s the relationship between Macedonia and Olynthus soured. Amyntas III wished for the Olynthians to return the land he had given them and the Olynthians did not comply. Amyntas declared war and called on his ally Sparta for help. Sparta was induced by an embassy from Acanthus and Apollonia, which anticipated conquest by the league, to send an expedition against Olynthus, which they did in 382 BCE. After three years of indecisive warfare Olynthus consented to dissolve the confederacy in 379. pgs.159-160 It is clear, however, that the dissolution was little more than formal, as the Chalcidians ("Χαλκιδῆς ἀπò Θρᾴκης") appear, only a year or two later, among the members of the Athenian naval confederacy of 378–377 BCE.

When the Social War broke out between Athens and its allies in 357 BCE, Olynthus was originally in an alliance with Philip. Subsequently, in alarm at the growth of his power, it concluded an alliance with Athens. Olynthus made three embassies to Athens, the occasions of Demosthenes's three Olynthiac Orations. On the third, the Athenians sent soldiers from among its citizens. After Philip had deprived Olynthus of the rest of the League, by force and by the treachery of sympathetic factions, he besieged Olynthus in 348 BCE. The siege was short; he bought Olynthus's two principal citizens, Euthycrates and Lasthenes, who betrayed the city to him. He then looted and razed the city and sold its population—including the Athenian garrison—into slavery. Only a small area of the North Hill was ever re-occupied, up to 316 BCE, before Cassander forced the population to move in his new city of Cassandreia. pgs.49-52

Despite the abandonment of the city, there are records of men in later centuries scattered through the Hellenistic world who were called Olynthians. pg.52

The Neolithic settlement is located in the edge of the South Hill. It was founded in the 4th millennium BCE and thrived between 3000 and 2900. Only 5 houses were found, belonging to three different stages of the Neolithic settlement. The foundations of walls were all that remained of these houses and were made of mud and river stones.