Tablas de Daimiel National Park

About

Tablas de Daimiel National Park (Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel) is a wetland on the La Mancha plain, a mainly arid area in the province of Ciudad Real. With an area of about 3,000 hectares, the park is the smallest of Spain's fifteen national parks, and its territory comprises part of Daimiel and Villarrubia de los Ojos municipalities. The protected area is in the process of being expanded outside the original nature reserve to include neighbouring dryland farming areas. The expansion is part of efforts to improve the condition of the wetland, which has been damaged by over-exploitation of water resources. As well as having national park status, the site enjoys international recognition, being:

a wetland on the list of the Ramsar Convention (1,938 ha) the core of the Biosphere reserve Mancha Húmeda a Special Protection Area for birds

Like other Spanish wetlands, the Tablas de Daimiel had a long tradition of waterfowl hunting. As early as 1325 the infante Don Juan Manuel, in his hunting book ( Libro de la caza ), publicised the attributes of the banks of the river Gigüela for falconry. The water resources of the area also provided fishing and power for mills. In 1575, Philip II ordered the compilation of the Topographic Relations which commanded that the Tablas be well looked after. The value of the ecosystem for hunting continued to give the Tablas a certain amount of protection into the 20th century. Although in the 1950s the government promoted land reclamation projects in La Mancha with the aim of reducing the amount of wetland, Franco shot duck in the area and in 1966 the Tablas became a National Hunting Reserve.

In 1963 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) launched a project to conserve and manage wetlands, the MAR Project, which drew up a list of wetlands of international importance as a foundation for an international convention on wetlands. The draft called for the protection of wetlands habitats rather than species. The Tablas de Damiel were declared a National Park in 1973. In 1980 the national park was extended and UNESCO included Las Tablas in a biosphere reserve. In 1982 Las Tablas were included on the list of the Ramsar Convention (an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands). In 1987 Las Tablas were declared a Special Protection Area for birds ( Zona de Especial Protección para las Aves in Spanish) under the European Union's Birds Directive.

The park is the last surviving example of floodplain wetlands located in the arid central part of the Iberian peninsula. Being located downstream from the Upper Guadiana Basin, TDNP play an important role in nutrient biogeochemistry.

The wetland landscape is characterized by recurrent seasonal inundation which until recently was maintained by both river flooding and groundwater discharges. The park's surface is 19.28 km², and the highest inundation comprises around 17 km 2. TDNP is one of the most important aquatic ecosystems of Spain and was probably the main inland wetland. It is important too because of the great amount of migratory birds that pass by the zone, like ducks and geese.

Las Tablas de Daimiel are provided with two types of water making an unusual ecosystem: the Guadiana contributes fresh water, while its tributary the Gigüela is brackish.

The fresh water of the Guadiana favors the growth of the common reed ( Phragmites australis, Phragmites communis ), and the briny water of the Gigüela favors the growth of the marshy vegetation, principally the great fen-sedge ( Cladium mariscus ).

The great fen-sedge abounded extraordinarily, and it was one of the most extensive zones in Occidental Europe. [ citation needed ] There were groups of bulrushes ( g. Typha, Scirpus lacustris, Scirpus maritimus ) and rushes ( g. Juncus ) in the least deep areas.

Charophytes ' grasslands are one of the most characteristic formations of the National Park, formed by different members of genus Chara ( Chara hispida, Chara major, Chara canescens ), also known locally as "ovas", and are able to form an almost continuous tapestry. The only trees present are the tamarisk ( Tamarix gallica, Tamarix canariensis ).

Purple heron ( Ardea purpurea ), grey heron ( Ardea cinerea ), little egret ( Egretta garzetta ), black-crowned might heron ( Nycticorax nycticorax ), great bittern ( Botaurus stellaris ), red-crested pochard ( Netta rufina ), northern shoveler ( Anas clypeata ), wigeon ( Anas penelope ), northern pintail ( Anas acuta ), common teal ( Anas crecca ), Eurasian hobby ( Falco subbuteo ), Slavonian grebe ( Podiceps auritus ), black-necked grebe ( Podiceps nigricollis ), black-winged stilt ( Himantopus himantopus ), zitting cisticola ( Cisticola juncidis ), bearded reedling ( Panurus biarmicus ).

We may find the European freshwater crayfish ( Austropotamobius pallipes ), that it was in the past abundant and an important source of income for Daimiel's families, today almost extinguished in these waters. After the introduction of the great predator that the northern pike ( Esox lucius ) is, other autochthonous species like the Barbus ( Barbus barbus ), the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), or the chub ( Leuciscus cephalus ) are now endangered species.

In the spring and the summer we may find amphibians and reptiles like the European tree frog ( Hyla arborea ), the Perez's frog ( Pelophylax perezi ), the common toad ( Bufo bufo ), the grass snake ( Natrix natrix ) or the water snake Natrix maura.

Also we may find mammals like the European polecat ( Mustela putorius ), the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), the European otter ( Lutra lutra ), the water vole ( Arvicola amphibius ), as well as the ones that live in proximities of the wetlands: the European rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ), the Cape Hare ( Lepus capensis ), the least weasel ( Mustela nivalis ) or the boar ( Sus scrofa ).

The fresh water of the Guadiana favors the growth of the common reed ( Phragmites australis, Phragmites communis ), and the briny water of the Gigüela favors the growth of the marshy vegetation, principally the great fen-sedge ( Cladium mariscus ).

The great fen-sedge abounded extraordinarily, and it was one of the most extensive zones in Occidental Europe. [ citation needed ] There were groups of bulrushes ( g. Typha, Scirpus lacustris, Scirpus maritimus ) and rushes ( g. Juncus ) in the least deep areas.

Charophytes ' grasslands are one of the most characteristic formations of the National Park, formed by different members of genus Chara ( Chara hispida, Chara major, Chara canescens ), also known locally as "ovas", and are able to form an almost continuous tapestry. The only trees present are the tamarisk ( Tamarix gallica, Tamarix canariensis ).

Purple heron ( Ardea purpurea ), grey heron ( Ardea cinerea ), little egret ( Egretta garzetta ), black-crowned might heron ( Nycticorax nycticorax ), great bittern ( Botaurus stellaris ), red-crested pochard ( Netta rufina ), northern shoveler ( Anas clypeata ), wigeon ( Anas penelope ), northern pintail ( Anas acuta ), common teal ( Anas crecca ), Eurasian hobby ( Falco subbuteo ), Slavonian grebe ( Podiceps auritus ), black-necked grebe ( Podiceps nigricollis ), black-winged stilt ( Himantopus himantopus ), zitting cisticola ( Cisticola juncidis ), bearded reedling ( Panurus biarmicus ).

We may find the European freshwater crayfish ( Austropotamobius pallipes ), that it was in the past abundant and an important source of income for Daimiel's families, today almost extinguished in these waters. After the introduction of the great predator that the northern pike ( Esox lucius ) is, other autochthonous species like the Barbus ( Barbus barbus ), the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), or the chub ( Leuciscus cephalus ) are now endangered species.

In the spring and the summer we may find amphibians and reptiles like the European tree frog ( Hyla arborea ), the Perez's frog ( Pelophylax perezi ), the common toad ( Bufo bufo ), the grass snake ( Natrix natrix ) or the water snake Natrix maura.